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Commonly known as Caryophyllene or B-Caryophyllene, this terpene has the distinction of being the first known "dietary" cannabinoid. While found in cannabis, it naturally occurs in such food items as black pepper. It also has the distinction of being both a terpene and a cannabinoid. Where Does B-Caryophyllene Come From? B-Caryophyllene is common in many household spices. •Cloves •Black Pepper •Rosemary •Hops •Basil •Cinnamon •Oregano •Lavendar The B-Caryophyllene Flavor Profile B-Caryophyllene has a distinct, spicy, warm, and peppery flavor and aroma. Undertones of gas are often associated with B-Caryophyllene in cannabis. Common Uses The interesting thing about B-Caryophyllene is that it is a full agonist of CB2 cannabinoid receptors while having no interaction with CB1 and thus does not exert any psychoactive effects. Because of this, it has been investigated broadly for treating many neurological diseases. More than 500 scientific publications have investigated the activity of this terpene and found that it exhibits a protective role in several nervous system-related disorders including: •Pain •Anxiety •Spasms •Convulsions •Depression •Alchoholism •Alzheimer's Disease What Are The Benefits of B-Caryophyllene? Beyond the typical anesthetic-like and anti-inflammation effects common to other terpenes, B-Caryophyllene has been heavily researched. Many important pharmacological benefits have been reported, including: •Antioxidant •Anti-Inflammatory •Cardioprotective •Hepatoprotective (Liver) •Gastroprotective •Nephroprotective (Kidney) •Antimicrobial •Immune Modulator •Anti-cancer activity Drawbacks of B-Caryophyllene B-Caryophyllene is considered a compound with toxicity at doses higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. To put that in perspective, it would take a 150lbs person eating the equivalent of a D-battery to reach toxic levels. As a common component of food B-Caryophyllene has GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status and is approved by the FDA for food use. How Much B-Caryophyllene Should I Take? Currently, there are no established recommendations on the dosage of B-Caryophyllene. It's recommended that you contact your doctor and start with small doses, working your way towards a larger dose. B-Caryophyllene and the Entourage Effect B-Caryophyllene doesn't have a huge effect on other bioactive compounds in cannabis. However, its benefits make it an excellent addition to the group. Working in conjunction with other terpenes and cannabinoids, B-Caryophyllene can go a long way towards enhancing one's wellness. The Take-Away B-Caryophyllene is both a terpene and a cannabinoid. Its effects have been thoroughly researched. Alone it has several potent therapeutic benefits. As part of the "entourage effect", it brings a lot to the table. Toxic in exceedingly high doses, it's safe to consume regularly. B-Caryophyllene is as unique as it is helpful.

Linalool is another common terpene found in cannabis. It's known for its smell. Often found in concentration in strains such as Zkittles. This terpene has some unusual uses. Read on to find out more. Few cannabis strains contain high levels of linalool; it rarely breaks into a strain’s top three most abundant terpenes. But below, you’ll find a few strains featuring linalool as its third most abundant terpene. Where Does Linalool Come From? Linalool is commonly found in over 200 plants. •Lavendar •Bay Leaves •Basil •Goldenrod •Mugwort •Hops The Linalool Flavor Profile Linalool has complex odor and flavor properties. Its odor is similar to flora or spicy wood. It has a light, citrus-like flavor, sweet with a spicy tropical accent. Common Uses Linalool is used as a scent in 60% to 80% of perfumed hygiene products and cleaning agents, including soaps, detergents, shampoos, and lotions. It exhibits antimicrobial and antifungal properties. In addition, linalool is used as an insecticide against flea, fruit fly, and cockroach. What Are The Benefits of Linalool? Conferring more than just strong sedative properties, research shows linalool to supply the following medical benefits. Stress relief. Anticonvulsant. Antidepressant. Muscle relaxant. Drawbacks of Linalool Linalool has become pervasive in past decades. Concerns have been raised as to it's toxicity in high concentration. Linalool is a “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) substance approved by the FDA as a direct food additive (synthetic flavoring substance) for human and animal consumption. How Much Linalool Should I Take? Currently there are no recommendations on the dosage of Linalool. It's recommended you contact your doctor and start with small doses, working your way towards a larger dose. Linalool and the Entourage Effect When CBD interacts with linalool and limonene (another terpene), they combine to fight acne, treat other skin conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis, and reduce anxiety. In another example, you may have a strain that combines linalool, THC, and cannabinol (CBN). When working together, these compounds enhance the strain’s soothing effects to help you sleep better. The Take-Away Linalool is the smell good terpene. It's been in heavy use for decades. Research indicates that it is "generally recognized as safe". There are no current dosage guidelines. It's benefits shine when consumed with other bioactive compounds commonly found in cannabis. Linalool is a powerhouse terpene.

Limonene is a common aromatic terpene produced in the trichomes of the cannabis plant. It comes in at around 1% of the volume by weight of the average cannabis flower. Common in Sativa strains, Limonene is an invigorating terpene, to say the least. Where Does Limonene Come From? Limonene is primarily found in the peel of citrus fruits. •Orange •Lemon •Lime •Grapefruit •Clementine •Buddha's Hand •Tangerine The Limonene Flavor Profile As one might expect, high concentrations of Limonene have a pronounced citrus odor and flavor, somewhat sweet yet tangy and bitter. Looking deeper, there are in fact two forms of Limonene. One you would associate with the sweeter scent of oranges. The other is more bitter, reminiscent of lemons. In fact, the two different Limonine compounds register with distinctly different olfactory receptors. What Are The Benefits of Limonene? The therapeutic effects of limonene have been extensively studied, proving anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperalgesic, antiviral, and gastroprotective effects, among other beneficial effects on health. Early trials suggest that limonene may be good for your heart and coronary health. One study suggests that consuming limonene may help reduce triglycerides and lower blood sugar levels. It may also help increase “good” cholesterol levels. Limonene is responsible for increasing serotonin levels which influences how cannabis affects one's mood. That means these terpenes can influence neurotransmitters in our brain which entails that different strains may have different effects on our mood. Drawbacks of Limonene People who are allergic to citrus fruit peels are often allergic to limonene. Just touching the outside of citrus fruit can cause contact dermatitis symptoms for these people, but they may be able to drink fresh juice just fine. Studies are showing an increase in such cases. It's recommended that you consult your doctor if such instances arise. How Much Limonene Should I Take? Because few limonene studies exist in humans, it’s difficult to provide a dosage recommendation. Nonetheless, dosages of up to 2 grams daily have been safely used in studies. Limonene and the Entourage Effect Limonene can influence neurotransmitters in our brain. Different strains may have different effects on our mood depending on the amount of Limonene they possess. The Take-Away Limonene is a part of our everyday life. It's been a part of our diet for generations. It has a host of positive effects. As it relates to cannabis, there is still a lot of research that needs to be done. Limonene is an excellent addition to any cannabis product.

Myrcene is the most common terpene found in commercial cannabis products. Produced in the trichome just like cannabinoids, it constitutes around 20% of the average cannabis plant's terpene profile. So it plays a significant role in the smell and taste of most cannabis products. Where Does Myrcene Come From? Myrcene has been a part of the human diet for thousands of years. It’s commonly found in: •Verbena •Wild Thyme •Hops •Lemon Grass •Mango •Cardamom The Myrcene Flavor Profile High levels of Myrcene have often been described as spicy, earthy, and musky scent. It has sweet undertones, which have been compared to fruity flavors such as red wine grape. In hops it’s responsible for the peppery flavor you might experience in certain beers. What Are The Benefits of Myrcene? In holistic Brazilian therapies, Myrcene in its natural state has been used to treat diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, and hypertension. Myrcene is known to enhance transdermal absorption. It has significant analgesic effects. Traditionally it’s used for the following: •Improve sleep •Reduce pain •Promote relaxation •Enhance mood •Relieve anxiety •Relieve Stress •Strengthen the immune system Drawbacks of Myrcene Although myrcene has long been used in perfumes and as a food additive, there is almost no information on its toxicological hazards. How Much Myrcene Should I Take? While no definitive information on Terpene consumption is available, starting slow with a small dose is best. Taking .1mg or less a day for two weeks is recommended then reassessing your dose based on your results. It’s recommended you seek advice from your doctor before pursuing Myrcene to treat any medical condition. Myrcene and the Entourage Effect Myrcene is a crucial component in the entourage effect. By helping with the absorption of other bioactive compounds, including other terpenes, cannabinoids, and flavonoids, Myrcene will help you get the most out of your cannabis products. The Take-Away Myrcene is a common and potent addition to any cannabis product. We’ve consumed it for thousands of years. It has a host of positive effects. As it relates to cannabis, there is still a lot of research that needs to be done. At this time, its benefits seem to outweigh its drawbacks. Time and research will eventually unlock all of Myrcene's secrets.

Flavonoids are an often overlooked aspect of the cannabis plant. The term might leave the uninitiated scratching their head. However new research is bringing them into the spotlight. In this post, we’ll start to demystify flavonoids, define some key terms, cover how they relate to cannabis, and how a better understanding of flavonoids can impact the quality of your experiences with cannabinoids. Flavonoid Defined Unrelated to THC and other cannabinoids or terpenes, flavonoids are any of a large and diverse family of phytonutrient pigments with a structure based on or similar to that of the flavone. Currently over 6000 flavonoid compounds have been discovered. Flavonoids help regulate cellular activity and fight off free radicals that cause oxidative stress on the body. They help the body function more efficiently while protecting it against everyday toxins and stressors as well as powerful antioxidant agents. Flavonoids & the Body Cannabis flavonoids play an important and often overlooked role in how we perceive the plant with our senses. This is due to the pigment and flavor they provide, but also their therapeutic benefits. Like cannabinoids and terpenes, flavonoids interact with the chemical receptors within the body's endocannabinoid system. Flavonoids have the potential to act as anti-inflammatories, antioxidants, and antibacterial. Flavinoids & the “Entourage Effect" Of the roughly 200 bioactive compounds found in cannabis, about 10% are flavonoids. Flavonoids are a crucial ingredient in the “entourage effect”. The “entourage effect” is characterized by the complementary interactions of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds observed within the endocannabinoid system. Every strain has these compounds in varying amounts. This is why one strain can produce different therapeutic and psychoactive effects. Different ratios of these cannabis-based compounds exist in each strain, which triggers different chemical cascades in the nervous system. Cannabis Exclusive Flavonoids Cannflavins are a group of chemical compounds found exclusively in the cannabis plant. Unrelated to THC and other cannabinoids. Three variations of cannflavin have been discovered to date. In 1980 Cannflavin-A and Cannflavin-B were first identified. In 2008 Cannflavin-C was identified. While research is still limited, preliminary studies indicate that cannflavins could be potent anti-inflammatory agents. Common Cannabis Flavonoids QUERCETIN Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoid. Found in a great deal of the food we all regularly consume including: •Apples •Kale •Cocoa (chocolate) •Red Onion •Berries •Red Wine •St. John’s Wort •Ginko Biloba •Citrus Fruits •Green Tea This is just a shortlist of all of the nutrient-dense, deeply colored vegetables and fruit that Quercetin is found in. This flavonoid is mainly found in the skin and leaves of plants acting as a pigment. It is known to be a powerful antioxidant that helps our bodies fight free radicals by down-regulating and suppressing inflammatory pathways. Quercetin is also known to act as an anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and antiviral agent and is thought to improve physical and mental performance. APIGENIN Apigenin is commonly found in foods such as: •Celery •Parsley •Tarragon •Basil •Orange •Onion •Mint •Cilantro A yellow-colored crystalline structure, used for centuries to dye wool. Interacting with GABA receptors, Apigenin has proven sedative and muscle-relaxing effects. It’s thought to be the active ingredient in Chamomile tea that helps with sleep, as it accounts for 68% of the flavonoids in the chamomile flower. Studies have shown that it can also help fight anxiety and depression, explaining why a cup of chamomile tea can be so relaxing. Apigenin is also known as an active antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. KAEMPFEROL Kaempferol is common in plants like: •Beans •Kale •Endive •Cucumber •Onion •Green Bean •Spinach •Ginger •Dill •Tea •Brocoli Kaempferol can be found in the highest concentrations in capers and saffron. Kaempferol is what gives rose petals their beautiful color. Kaempferol is known to modulate cell death, help new blood cells form, fight inflammation, and help target metastasis. All of this leads scientists to believe that Kaempferol has some therapeutic benefits in fighting cancer. Maximizing Cannabis Flavonoids If you’re interested in taking full advantage of flavonoids, how you consume your cannabis makes a difference. You might be wondering what cannabis consumption methods deliver the most impact. This is a complicated answer, however, it’s thought that eating cannabis is the best way to maximize your flavonoid intake. Smoking can release some flavonoids while destroying others. Tinctures are a reasonable option, depending on how they are prepared. While there is a lot we know about the benefits of flavonoids, research, as it relates to cannabis, is still in its infancy. The silver lining is that new research is being completed and studies continue to uncover further information regularly. This allows us to better understand how cannabis flavonoids can enhance our experience and wellbeing.

Marijuana gets smoked a lot! Marijuana culture gravitates towards the pipe. To be fair, Marijuana is also frequently infused into foods. The manner in which one consumes Cannabis that is high in THC and the manner in which one consumes Cannabis (Hemp) that is high in another Cannabinoid, can be wildly customizable! Fire without F-i-r-e We do know that “burned” Marijuana is euphoric and intoxicating. What you may not know is that applying heat releases other cannabinoids into the air. When I see a Cannabis consumer using a torch (normally used for welding & plumbing) to incinerate the flower in a heady glass piece. In my mind's eye I see: Jason Bateman disposing of a body in his crematorium. Much like the “end” for “missing” business partners in the Ozarks …thousands of degree torches are where Cannabinoids go, to, die. The 60s and 70s were the eras of the joint. From then, until now, patients are exploring every possible manner of consuming Cannabis. Smoking Cannabis is a crude, simple manner of medicating. For most people, it works! Albeit doesn’t get much simpler than eating it. Smoked Cannabis, although simple and convenient doesn’t do much to preserve the effectiveness of Cannabinoids at a lower temperature! It makes sense! What is your favorite meal? Does it still sound just as appealing after a trip to the inside of a volcano? How about Bateman's crematorium? Pizza, probably one of the most universally palatable foods is destroyed when burned black. Smoked Cannabis is where Cannabinoids go to die. Where it begins When you boil a pot of water on the stove tiny physical changes begin, immediately. When heat is applied to water molecules bounce around. Slowly at first and then faster and faster. Before long the water starts to boil and actually changes form from a liquid to a gas. Cannabis molecules start to “feel” the effects of heat application almost immediately as well. 300 - Vapor from this temperature is sweet like candy. Candy Jack, Cotton Candy or other favorite flavors really hammer the taste buds at these lower temps. Cannabis vapor at 300F is the sweetest and most palatable vapor. The vapor is light and barely visible. It is less effective for pain relief. I find temperature like this to be valuable for nausea, antidepressant, asthma, or privacy (the lower the temperature, the more likely your session will stay anonymous) Not potent. 315 - THC begins to boil. The vapor looks like an open freezer door, in hot August. This is a good temperature to begin treating persistent nausea. It is very tolerable. Just like 300, the Cannabis terpenes remain quite sweet and palatable. Pinene terpenes become active here. Morning medicators, take a deep breath of a-pinene in the 3 teens and enjoy deep healthful breathing and fresh breath. 330 - CBD and Myrcene make it out to play at 330-CBD uses are endless! Pain, sleep, seizures can respond to activated CBD. 350 - This is where the new kid on the block Delta 8 comes out to play. Pain relief, anti-anxiety, neuroprotective. Terpenes like Limonene shine at this temperature. 365 - Many patients love 365 for its ability to send CBN from its hiding place. Insomnia, spastic muscles, and potent pain relief. Consider this temperature for chronic, quality of life impediments. 380 - Things start to get steamy, and a Cannabinoid called CBE is activated. CBE is the abbreviated form of Cannabielsoin which appears at the metabolizing point of CBD. Linalool is also coming out in force at this temperature. Sedating, calm, sleepy. Sore or spastic muscles could benefit from temperatures around 380. 400-430 Is when the Cannabis Crematorium starts to warm up. Right around the 390s, some toxic gases start to mix with all the good stuff. Benzenes and hydrocarbons come out at 390s and stick around/evolve as temperatures increase. Some patients require high heat Cannabis use that helps unlock THCV and CBC. THCV and CBC, when combined with Cannabinoids at a lower temperature coordinate for a therapeutic “team effort”. This “team effort” is referred to in the Cannabis Community as the “Entourage Effect”. Get Out What You Put In Keep in mind the reasons you use Cannabis. Information is power! Knowing your reason, combined with the temperature that exposes your target cannabinoid can improve the whole experience. Practical use of information on Cannabis temperature can be worth its weight in gold. For instance, when I am suffering from mild asthma, I prefer to use Cannabis at a lower temperature. Dialing in temperature, along with strain, method, terpenes, or other variables can be like cracking a code to lively, daily, living. Disclaimer This information has not been evaluated by the FDA. This is not intended to be medical advice! The views expressed herein are purely the views of the author's experience using Cannabis to treat personal illness. Please consult a doctor before beginning any therapeutic program.

“Couple blunts a day keeps the doctor away.” -Jeff Seid Social Media Fitness Icon- IFPP Physique Pro Cannabis & exercise? It seems totally counterintuitive! Marijuana users are stereotyped as lazy and unproductive. The widely held truth is that Cannabis promotes a healthy lifestyle. Our Obese Society is in desperate need of solutions! Whether Sativa or Indica, dabs or brownies. All Cannabis use creates a physiological edge. Michael Phelps, Bill Gates and Barack Obama all consumed Cannabis. Heavily. Is cannabis a gateway drug? Maybe the gateway to being president or an Olympic swimmer? Cannabis can be your “gateway” to personal fitness. Olympic swimmers like Michael Phelps know the most important asset is a strong set of lungs. Since most Cannabis users inhale Cannabis, it is important to understand Cannabis effect on the lungs. Cannabis & Breathing Patients who overdose on Opiates can stop breathing! No breathings problem when consuming too much Cannabis. The lungs of Cannabis users are notably resilient. Donald Tashkin, the world’s leading pulmonologist has studied the effects of Cannabis on the lungs, for over 30 years. Tashkin found that Cannabis users had healthier lungs than previously imagined. When a Cannabis user alternates breath holds with long draws, they are performing a pulmonary exercise. In addition, the anti-tumor effects of Cannabis could protect against lung cancer. He found that the heavier the user, the healthier the lungs. Sport Injuries Cannabis lends a hand when it comes to painful injuries from competitive sports. Cannabis is a strong anti-inflammatory. Israeli Scientist Raphael Mechoulam believed Cannabis to be 3x as effective as cortisol steroids. Healing is an edge. Cannabis use contributes to healing-pain management before, during and after sports. Mindset Cannabis users can be extremely focused and creative. Tunnel vision, tenacity, and fixation. The euphoria from some Cannabis strains is known to be captivating. During periods of “tunnel vision” an athlete using Cannabis may be able to push his/her personal limits. The world anti-doping agency (WADA) identifies Marijuana and Cannabinoids as “prohibited during competition.” “Based on current human and animal studies as well as on as well as on interviews with athletes and information from the field, cannabis can be performance-enhancing for some athletes and sports disciplines.” One thing that is universal among athletes is music. Every single professional athlete has a killer playlist! Why? The zone. Mindset is the single most important thing when it comes to physical disciplines. For many Cannabis users, they believe in similar effects to using Cannabis. I have experienced this! CBD and specific strains can make the consumer “lock on” with the tenacity of a pit bull. Blinders, tunnel vision, obsession. These are mindsets that can be symptoms of Cannabinoid use. Far from the mainstream stereotypes that portray Cannabis consumers as dull, inattentive, or lazy. Growing number of extreme athletes beg to differ. There are benefits to using Cannabis in fitness. I didn’t personally have a regular fitness schedule until I began consuming Cannabis, regularly and heavily. Cannabis can be very motivating. Research published in Frontiers in Public Health suggests that many Cannabis users believe it increases the enjoyment and motivation to exercise. Weight Loss & Cannabis CDC researchers Katherine M. Flegal Ph.D., and colleagues suggested that the number of US deaths directly linked to obesity is 112,000 per year. That is a lot of preventable deaths! “People who regularly use cannabis are less likely to be overweight or obese in comparison to those who don’t, according to a paper published in the International Journal of Epidemiology. The study had more than 30,000 volunteers. Everyone packed on a few pounds. Cannabis consumers gained the least amount of weight.” Cannabis is known to create the “munchies”. The ‘munchies’ is a colloquial way to describe a lower blood sugar and an increase in appetite. Anyone who has experienced this effect knows that the urge to consume food can be quite aggressive. Bodybuilders plateauing their weight gain, swear by Marijuana as a way to stimulate mass-building appetite. “A 2011 study from the American Journal of Epidemiology, concluded that even though weed consumption increases the need to eat, people using Cannabis are less likely to be obese than people who do not use Cannabis regularly. Other studies indicate that many Cannabis users have trimmer waistlines than non-users. Lower cholesterol. What’s more, these results have proven true regardless of how many people were involved in the study.“ Exercise your options! With so many Cannabis products in the current market it becomes more important to be selective. Sativa and Sativa-based pens have the tendency to be found energizing. Ask questions. Strains like Green Crack, Super Silver Haze, or Durban Poison can make excellent pre-workout choices. With an ocean of products to choose from, choose carefully! Disclaimer These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. The information herein is not intended to be medical advice. Please consult a doctor before beginning any therapeutic program.

Cannabis news is exciting! At this point in time, there is a momentum building in Cannabis. Sometimes Cannabis evolution is fast, other times it can seem to drag on. As a patient, waiting for certain news can require tremendous patience. The news means legislation, ingenuity, and political headway. March has been no different! Below are some of the top Cannabis-related stories. Pharmaceuticals, Cannabis-related farming, and even a Cannabis soda! Congress Proposes Change It’s no secret that the Cannabis industry operates inside a set of legally irritating constraints. Cannabis businesses may not even have a safe place to store the wheelbarrows of cash from Cannabis sales. In terms of change, even the feds are beginning to recognize the need. Congress plans to take action in spring. Democrats in Congress are actively pursuing plans to modernize the Feds' interaction with weed. Decriminalizing Cannabis will be prominent on the agenda in addition, access to the banking system and expungement for past offenses. “The federal proposals seek to establish 21st-century banking services for the nearly $18 billion industry and purge the criminal records of thousands of marijuana offenders. “The growing bipartisan momentum for cannabis reform shows that Congress is primed for progress in 2022, and we are closer than ever to bringing our cannabis policies and laws in line with the American people,” Reps. Earl Blumenauer (D-Ore.) and Barbara Lee (D-Calif.) wrote in a memo to the Congressional Cannabis Caucus on Thursday. Cannabis-infused Sodas Jones Beverage company is rolling out a new line called “Mary Jones”- a play on the Mary Jane nickname marijuana has. The products—including 12-ounce bottles of soda infused with 10 milligrams of cannabis, 16-ounce cans of soda infused with 100 milligrams of cannabis, syrups with 1000 milligrams of cannabis per bottle, and mini Jones Soda bottle-shaped gummies infused with five milligrams of cannabis—will roll out in an official launch on April 1 in California, one of the states that allow residents to legally use marijuana on a recreational basis. “We’re a small player in soda, but we’re going to be the biggest national player when it comes to recognizable [consumer-packaged goods] name in cannabis,” Jones Soda marketing chief Bohb Blair told CNBC. Washington DC Formally the District of Columbia, Washington DC is a mess when it comes to Cannabis! The voters obviously want legal, safe access to Cannabis. In November 2014, District voters approved the Legalization of Possession of Minimal Amounts of Marijuana for Personal Use Initiative (commonly known as Initiative 71). The new law became effective on February 26, 2015. As a result, it is legal for a person who is at least 21 years old to: Possess two ounces or less of marijuana; Transfer one ounce or less of marijuana to another person who is at least 21 years old, so long as there is no payment made or any other type of exchange of goods or services; Cultivate within their residence up to six marijuana plants, no more than three of which are mature; Possess marijuana-related drug paraphernalia – such as bongs, cigarette rolling papers, and cigar wrappers – that is associated with one ounce or less of marijuana; or Use marijuana on private property. Evolving in the criminalization of Cannabis is where the progress stalled. There is no legally regulated framework for dispensing adult use in D.C. Washington DC is still the seat of this nation's politics. There are a number of politicians resisting Cannabis change in the District of Columbia. New York Humungous changes are taking place in New York! Full legalization and a plan to regulate Cannabis across the state. The first licenses in retail Cannabis will go to ones who had a Cannabis record. “It's really encouraging to see New York is taking the lessons learned from other states,” said Melissa Moore, Drug Policy Alliance. Russia Russia has been in the news due to the violence the Russian military is doing in Ukraine. Russia and Cannabis are a no-no! Sometimes you can tell a lot about a country based on how it treats its most vulnerable. Medical Cannabis is non-existent in Russia. Possession of Cannabis comes with stiff penalties! Just ask two-time Olympic champion, Brittney Griner. Brittney is being detained in Russia because of an empty Cannabis vape cartridge. "In February 2022, an athlete who flew to Moscow from New York went through the green corridor," the statement read. "The service dog of the Sheremetyevo Customs indicated that drugs may be in the carry-on luggage of a U.S. citizen. After scanning the bag, the customs officers noticed vapes. The experts found that the cartridges for them contain liquid with hash oil." Griner is anticipating spending between 5-10 years in prison for the “smuggling of narcotic drugs in a significant amount.’ Griner’s legal team is in regular contact with Russian authorities. Ukraine On the other hand, Ukraine has forward momentum in Cannabis access. Ukraine recently approved access to two different Cannabis Pharmaceuticals! Dronabinol and Nabiximols. Ukraine laws on Cannabis possession and personal farming are more relaxed. According to Article 106-2 Code of Administrative Offenses in Ukraine, cultivation (without intent to sell) up to 10 cannabis plants qualifies as an administrative violation, with a fine of from 18 to 100 and the seizure of plants. The limit for possession without intent to sell, for which no criminal liability is given, is up to 5 grams of cannabis. However, there are plans to raise this limit to 10 grams. Ukraine is headed in a less restrictive direction with regards to Cannabis reform. Our hearts go out to the refugees of Ukraine! We pray for a swift end to all injustice! Cannabis new is explosive, raw, and exciting! Thanks for making Top Shelf your choice Cannabis news. Disclaimer The information presented in this post in purely the opinion of the author. In no way is this meant to be medical advice. Please consult a physician before beginning any therapeutic program.

Did you know the hemp market has been at an all-time high over the last decade? Well, now you do. Especially, after its complete legalization, thanks to the passing of the 2018 United States Farm Bill. Today, we enjoy an open and fair market, in which farmers and business owners can thrive, and consumers have their choice between hundreds of hemp-based products to address different daily needs. But, the passing of the Farm Bill is only the latest of many points of evolution within a historically controversial industry. Due to hemp’s association with marijuana, another member of the cannabis genus, the plant has seen its ups and downs over the last several hundred years. Hemp in Ancient Times The new, buzzing energy around the hemp market makes it easy for us to forget that hemp has actually been used since ancient times, for the same purposes that we use it today. We know that hemp use dates back to at least 3000 BC, since archaeologists have discovered evidence of its cultivation and applications in day to day life. It appears that hemp cultivation first originated in Central Asia, around where Taiwan is today. It wasn’t just used for medicinal purposes, as its fibers were used for various textiles, ropes, etc. The earliest known piece of fabric used in clothing dates back to 8000-7000 BC, and, was discovered in Iraq. Around the same time, China was using hemp in pottery and other applications. Also, around this time, hemp cultivation began to spread throughout Asia and the Middle East, booming between 2000 and 800 BC. Meanwhile, regions in Iran and Turkey, once known as Assyria, used hemp ceremoniously, burning it like incense, while shamans began to explore marijuana for its psychoactive effects. There is additional evidence of hemp cultivation in Ancient Greece. Weed Used Throughout the World Over the Centuries Hemp, and cannabis in general, became an agricultural fixture in the Middle East around the year 1000 AD. The smoking of cannabis became common, and this practice soon spread to Africa, which we know from the beautiful pipes that still exist to this day, used to smoke the flower buds. It’s hard to separate the history of hemp from the history of marijuana, since the two come from the same genus, but more importantly, because the trajectory of one has determined the trajectory of the other, especially when it comes to regulations and other legal hurdles that would come later on. Around the late 18th and early 19th Centuries, cannabis became popular throughout Europe, with Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops enjoying the more psychoactive member of the cannabis family, while regions in France and England sought the more industry-related benefits of hemp as the plant could be used to increase textile productions. Hemp in Early America By the mid-18th Century, cannabis transformed into a massive global industry. And, Americans brought it with them when first settling into the colonies, planting it in abundance. Hemp quickly became a huge source of agricultural profit by the early colonists, who discovered that the plant could be used in many industries including cloth, paper and rope. The plant was first cultivated in Jamestown, Virginia, where its primary purpose was to grow industrial hemp that would be used to make cloth sails for ships. It didn’t take long for colonists to be required by law to grow hemp and send it back to England. By now, hemp had become an independent form of currency, used in international trade. The English saw it as a form of tax to impose on the new American population. Hemp cultivation in America became so dominant that we still have many towns throughout these original colonial regions named after the plant. Decades later, the medicinal uses of hemp would be established by the medical industry. Around the same time, we began to see the first incidents of regulation placed on the cannabis trade. While hemp remained legal, more and more countries banned the use of marijuana. This is important, because just a couple of centuries later, cannabis as a whole would become controversial, as lawmakers would fail to separate hemp from marijuana. The 20th Century and New Laws By now, it was widely known that hemp was an incredibly valuable plant. Besides its usefulness in all kinds of industries, it was proven to offer benefits to the user. But, the problem was that the large majority of hemp farms throughout the country also cultivated marijuana, which at the time remained legal in the United States. In October of 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was put into effect, being the first means of restricting the industry. Immediately, cannabis farmers who grew both marijuana and hemp were dropping by the dozens, unable to withstand the heavy taxation imposed on them. This taxation act did have “marihuana” in its name, but in fact applied to cannabis as a whole. In 1942, an exception was made for the hemp plant, as the USDA launched the “Hemp for Victory” campaign to encourage farmers to cultivate the plant so that it could be used as a commodity during World War II or the Second World War. The goal was to grow enough hemp for textiles that would be needed by the US military. In 1970, hemp was dealt its biggest blow when 37th President Richard M. Nixon signed legislation making cannabis a Schedule I substance, creating no distinction between hemp and marijuana. This ended the hemp trade in America, for the most part. While some states continued to permit cultivation, federal law’s overpowering authority often interfered. Before the Farm Bill, there was The Farm Act of 2014 The 2014 Farm Act makes major changes in commodity programs, adds new crop insurance options, streamlines conservation programs, modifies some provisions of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and expands programs for specialty crops, organic farmers, bioenergy, rural development, and beginning farmers and ranchers. {Source} Present Day Of course, today, that’s all changed. Hemp is once again a federally legal plant, due to the passing of the Farm Bill that legalized all hemp products containing a maximum of 0.3% delta 9 THC. Because of this, hemp can thrive again as a valuable market in our country. And, it has – the hemp market today is worth billions of dollars, proving that Americans never doubted the beneficial nature of the plant, and are more than happy to have more access to it than ever before.

Since the 1970s, cannabis consumers have distinguished between two kinds of herb: Indica and Sativa. But this framework is flawed – problematic at best, arbitrary and misleading at worst. And while some producers and providers are beginning to rethink their use of these terms, in large part this nomenclature remains ubiquitous within both legal and illicit markets. The term “Indica” is typically used to indicate relaxing and sedating cannabis varietals and products, whereas “Sativa” signals an uplifting and energizing high. According to cannabis folklore, this apparent dichotomy stems from the involvement of two distinct genetic lineages with different effects. But a recently published paper in the journal Nature Plants challenges this idea, at least as far as the terms are used today for describing and marketing cannabis flower. What’s more, the researchers found, strain names themselves are not reliable indicators of a sample’s genetic or chemical identity. MISLABELING CANNABIS The October 2021 paper, titled “Cannabis labelling is associated with genetic variation in terpene synthase genes,” was authored by a team of researchers based at Dalhousie University in Canada; Wageningen University in the Netherlands; and cannabis pharmaceutical company Bedrocan International, also based in the Netherlands. The Indica/Sativa framework is problematic at best, arbitrary and misleading at worst. The researchers began by measuring levels of 40 terpenes and cannabinoids in nearly 300 cannabis samples using gas chromatography-mass spectometry (GC-MS). They then performed a genomic analysis of 137 of these samples from which high-quality DNA could be extracted. Finally, they analyzed the extent to which the GC-MS and genomic data corresponded to Indica-Sativa labeling of the product samples. Sure enough, Indica- and Sativa-labeled samples were genetically indistinct on a genome-wide scale, the researchers found, referring to the complete set of genes present in each plant. This indicates that knowing a particular strain’s breeding history (“X-crossed-with-Y”) is less helpful than widely assumed. Similarly, levels of the six cannabinoids tested (THC, CBG, CBC, THCV, CBD, and CBGM) were not associated with a specific Indica-Sativa designation – nor were those of the majority of the 34 terpenes tested. Instead, the work’s central finding was that labeling of cannabis “type” aligned most closely with variation in just a small number of specific terpenes. This conclusion contributes to a growing body of evidence that could inform a more transparent nomenclature system already gaining traction among cannabis consumers and providers. As widespread testing allows for sophisticated chemical analysis, categorizing cannabis flower will increasingly reference its terpene profile. TERPENES ARE KEY In this particular study, Sativa-branded samples were most closely correlated with concentrations of the sesquiterpenes bergamotene, which has a woody or tea-like flavor and no known psychotropic effects; and farnesene, which imparts a fruity aroma consistent with what many consumers expect of Sativa strains – but which also (counterintuitively for a category of strains said to be more uplifting) is thought to have a calming effect in humans. Meanwhile, Indica-branded products were most closely associated with the monoterpene myrcene, which has an earthy aroma and a sedative effect, as well as the sesquiterpenes guaiol (piney aroma; unknown psychotropic effects) and γ- and β-eudesmol (woody aroma; seen as an appetite stimulant). Fittingly, the authors note that a previous study found that these three compounds were associated with plants from Afghanistan, considered the region of origin for Indica cultivars. “Our results demonstrate that the Sativa–Indica scale currently used to label Cannabis poorly captures overall genomic and metabolomic variation,” the authors write – meaning that these terms say little about a given sample’s genetic or chemical makeup. The authors go on to suggest “that a practical and reliable classification system for Cannabis that is consistent with contemporary understanding of the terms ‘Sativa’ and ‘Indica’ may be achievable by quantifying a small number of terpenes and/or genotyping genetic markers associated with key Cannabis aromas.” To put it another way, if we want to keep these designations, they’d be better assigned based on an analysis of specific terpenes or their genetic markers in the plant, and not according to lineage, breeding history, or general assumptions about type. After all, terpenes not only impart aromas that can drive consumer preference but also influence some of the key mental and physical effects that recreational and medical users may seek out when selecting a particular strain or classification.

By now, a number of us have come across hemp products that come in a specific variety of strains. Names like “Durban Poison”, “Girl Scout Cookies”, and “Mango Tango” all sound enticing, but without good background knowledge on different strains and what they mean for the effects that we’ll feel, they aren’t going to get us very far on our hemp journey. To appreciate and understand what different strains can offer us, we need to know what a strain actually is, in the first place. Specifically, we gotta get a better understanding of what Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid strains represent. Why? Well, in order to make the best choices for our daily hemp-related needs, of course. What Defines an Actual Strain? A strain is another term for the breed, or cultivar, of the hemp plant. Cannabis has grown around the world for thousands of years, and the specific conditions of any given plant grown in the world will largely determine its chemical composition of cannabinoids and terpenes. A plant that grows in a Mediterranean region will be different from a plant that grows in the Middle East, in terms of its chemical compounds, because it’s exposed to a completely unique set of elements. The chemical composition of a particular cannabis cultivar, therefore, determines its strain. One way in which strains vary from one another is their configuration of cannabinoids. We know, for example, that some strains yield higher levels of cannabidiol (CBD) than others, and that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels can vary greatly as well. But, equally important is the configuration of terpenes. Terpenes are chemical compounds that exist in all plant life, acting as a plant’s natural defense system while informing the flavor and aroma of the plant. Hemp naturally possesses hundreds of terpenes within its flowers, and these terpenes sit alongside cannabinoids. Each terpene in hemp has a distinctive flavor, aroma and variety of effects that determine how we feel. So, each strain’s terpene profile is going to have a lot to do with the effects of the strain, whether those be more soothing, more uplifting, more suitable for addressing physical discomfort, etc. This is also why each strain has a unique flavor profile and scent. Back in the day, different strains were the result of mother nature alone, depending on the region in which the plant is cultivated. But, over the last several years, breeders have deliberately crossbred different strains to create new ones, using technology to craft strains that are designed to yield very desirable qualities, not to mention flavor. Today’s breeders can develop strains specifically geared toward those dealing with fatigue, stress, muscle tension, etc., maintaining consistent breeding standards so that each yield behaves identically to the last. What are the Three Strain Categories? Presently, there are countless strains on the market, with breeders having more means than ever to consistently introduce new and exciting cultivars to the public. But, all strains exist in one of three categories: Sativa, Indica, or Hybrid. So, what do these terms actually mean? Understanding them will help you make smarter choices when selecting a particular strain based on your goals and needs. Indica Indica strains are shorter, bushier plants that have higher levels of certain chemical compounds that determine their effects. Mainly, Indica strains are known for having higher levels of myrcene, a terpene that is known for its soothing, mellowing effects. That being said, Indica strains are mostly known for being mellowing, which is why most people prefer to enjoy them during the evening, or at bedtime. They typically have a stronger body high effect than Sativa strains, causing a feeling of heaviness throughout the muscles that can make a person want to just lay down and relax. This same body high can be great for tense muscles. Examples: Northern Lights Hindu Kush Blueberry Dark Star Purple Kush Sativa Sativa strains are basically the opposite of indica strains. These plants have a taller and narrower shape, and usually contain higher amounts of uplifting terpenes like limonene, a terpene also found in citrus fruits. Sativa strains are great for daytime, since their effects are very uplifting, and can even give you a boost of creativity, focus or motivation that can help you during the most productive parts of your day. Sativa strains are associated with euphoria-like effects as well, which can be great for days when your mood isn’t great. With sativa strains, it’s more about the cerebral experience, as the body effects tend to be more subdued. You may notice a warm and tingly sensation in the body, however, that can definitely make you feel more physically at ease. Examples: Durban Poison Super Lemon Haze Sour Diesel Hawaiian Haze Trainwreck Hybrid A hybrid strain is a result of having both Sativa and Indica in one’s lineage. It can result from crossing a pure Sativa with a pure Indica, or, crossing together two other hybrids. A hybrid is going to provide something of a balance between the effects associated with Indica and Sativa strains. The ratio of Indica to Sativa will impact what can be expected since you can get anywhere from a 50/50 to a 90/10 balance. Examples: Girl Scout Cookie Pineapple Express Blue Dream Wedding Cake Green Crack Choosing the Right Strain for Your Specific Needs Most people out there strongly prefer one category of strains over the other two, based on what it is that they’re looking for when consuming/using a hemp product. For instances, Some people want something that they can enjoy during the afternoon when they want to remain focused and uplifted, which is why they go with Sativas. Others want something that they can enjoy after a long and stressful day, that will help them unwind, which is where Indicas come in handy. Then, there are those who want the best of both worlds, hence their love for hybrids. So, in order to figure out which type of strain is ideal for you, ask yourself what kind of experience you want to achieve. Then, view the individual strains that’re available in that said category, and find which one can supply the effects closest to what you’re seeking out.

Although tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THC-P) is one of the newer discoveries found within the hemp plant (only been available to us for less than a year), it has already become an incredibly sought-after cannabinoid. It’s not surprising then, that its fast rise in popularity mainly has to do with those psychoactive effects, which are powerful, to say the least. Now, you can find THC-P in all kinds of product forms, from potent vapes (disposable vape pens and vape cartridges) to delicious gummies that promise hours of effects. And, while many people like to enjoy this cannabinoid all on its own, it’s best to know that taking it with other cannabinoids can really take your hemp experience to a whole new level of absolute bliss. What Exactly is THC-P? Tetrahydrocannabiphorol is one of the latest cannabinoid discoveries, founded in December of 2019 by a team of researchers applying advanced chromatographic analysis methods to a sample of the hemp plant. This cannabinoid exists in only trace levels, which is why we didn’t even know that it existed until now. Tetrahydrocannabiphorol is not a new cannabinoid - it’s always existed naturally in hemp, but it is new to our awareness of the plant’s chemical composition. Because of that, there’s still a lot to learn about it when it comes to its overall effects on the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). Good news is, the same team of researchers that first discovered THC-P did study it further, which is why we already understand quite a bit about its properties that directly relate to how this compound can make us feel. What Makes THC-P So Unique? Now, since tetrahydrocannabiphorol is a very unique hemp compound, maybe the most noteworthy thing about it is that it acts on CB1 receptors about 31x as effectively as delta-9 THC. These CB1 receptors refer to “cannabinoid receptors” in the body’s nervous system. Besides these receptors being responsible for the psychoactive response we get from THC-based compounds, they also have the job of regulating different nervous system functions and processes, ranging from our mood to our sensitivity to physical discomfort. What all this means is that THC-P is, to put it in simple terms, an extremely potent cannabinoid – more potent than anything else that exists on the market as of now. Again, there’s still a lot more to learn about the cannabinoid, but we’re happy to say that we already have a great idea of what this means for its effects. How Will THC-P Affect Me? Now, let’s get to the fun part, which is talking about tetrahydrocannabiphorol’s effects. First, we need to make one thing clear: this is a cannabinoid that packs a punch when it comes to its high. Basically, THC-P promotes the most powerful psychoactive effects out of any cannabinoid that we know of. For comparison, THC-P is said to be about 10x as intoxicating as delta-9 THC. That makes it significantly more intoxicating than THC-O-acetate (THC-O), which’s already known for its powerful high. In terms of what the ‘high’ is like, the general consensus is that tetrahydrocannabiphorol’s incredibly euphoric, perfect for those people out there who could use a serious boost when it comes to their mood. Besides that, the high seems to have the ability to put the mind & body at ease, and due to how strong its psychoactive effects are, couchlock is definitely not out of the question. The icing on this amazing cannabinoid seems to be how tetrahydrocannabiphorol offers the same non-psychoactive effects as delta-9, again, only at a more potent level. Meaning, THC-P could be useful for things like physical discomfort, nausea, low appetite and stress. How to Incorporate THC-P into Your Hemp Lifestyle Are you ready to dive into the world of THC-P? If there’s one thing that you should keep in mind when starting a new routine with this cannabinoid, it’s that it is recommended to start slow. Because of how potent its effects are, you’ll need to begin with a low amount and work your way up gradually. Even someone who has a good tolerance to a cannabinoid like delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol or hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) may find the effects of tetrahydrocannabiphorol too intense if they try to take a high dosage right off the bat. THC-P products on the market come with instructions on the labels that tell you how much to take per serving. Mixing THC-P with Other Cannabinoids: A Hemp-Derived High Like Never Before A lot of people don’t take advantage of the enjoyable experience you can get from mixing and matching cannabinoids. But, THC-P can be taken with other cannabinoids, since cannabinoids do not cause a negative interaction, coming from the same plant. So, what’s going to happen when you combine tetrahydrocannabiphorol with another cannabinoid? Basically, it’s gonna make your experience a lot more psychoactive and euphoric in the process. THC-P can be taken with any other cannabinoid, whether it be CBD, delta-8 THC, THC-O, etc. Another reason for mixing cannabinoids is actually to take the “edge off” of tetrahydrocannabiphorol’s potency. By mixing THC-P with a “weaker” cannabinoid, including non-psychoactive ones like CBD and CBG, you will be able to enjoy those elated, uplifting qualities of THC-P but in a way that feels more balanced and less intense. The specifics of the experience you’re in for when mixing tetrahydrocannabiphorol with another cannabinoid depends on a few factors, such as: Dosage/Milligram Strength: How much you take of each cannabinoid has a lot to do with how you’ll feel. Taking 5mg of THC-P and 20mg of delta 8 at the same time, for example, will be less psychoactive than taking 5mg of delta 8 and 20mg, since delta 8 is significantly “weaker” than THC-P. Delivery Method: The delivery method of each product you take is going to make quite a difference as well. This is because, as we know, each delivery method behaves differently when it comes to the onset time of effects, duration of effects, and potency of effects. For example, gummies offer more of a body high, take 90 minutes or so to “kick in,” and can provide effects for up to 8 hours. Vape cartridges, meanwhile, kick in within minutes, with effects for a couple of hours that are more potent than gummies, and more cerebral in nature. Strain: If you’re taking two cannabinoid products that each come in a specific strain, that will impact how you feel. For instance, mixing a THC-P vape that’s a Sativa with a THC-O vape that’s an Indica will give you a customized hybrid experience, where the properties are neither too invigorating nor too mellowing. Give THC-P a Try, On Its Own, or with Other Cannabinoids Overall, tetrahydrocannabiphorol is a cannabinoid that comes with a lot of potential, and, is particularly going to gratify anyone who craves a particularly potent high. THC-P is also an amazing way to enhance your routine with an existing cannabinoid, by making the entire experience even more psychoactive, while getting in those powerful uplifting effects and soothing body high like never before.